Visual Persuasion: The Role of Images in Advertising Essay

Advertising is part of our daily lives as advertisers use numerous ways to attract the customer’s attention. Advertising can be referred to as non-personal communication on a corporation or its products that are broadcasted to viewers through a mass medium. All efforts to inform and convince must respect the principles of human freedom for them to be right. Highest ethics should be practiced when advertising to children. Advertisers should shape their subject to attract audiences of the scope and demographic structure sought. Advertisers should practice transparency. There should be the need for proper conduct and rapport with consumers ought to be honest and fair. . All advertisements normally use rhetoric images as well as visual effects that make these products appealing to consumers. The question is, what is the purpose for the advertisements and what makes a consumer to see the images and want to try the alcoholic product. Advertisements are normally done on TV, magazines and the radios hence are accessible to the target market in this case of whiskey advertisement the young adults.  The advertisement industry has grown rapidly in the past years as effective advertisements has led to increase in sales for companies, hence the need for companies to study all means that an advertisement can attract the attention of the potential buyer of any product. One of the most common ways of advertising in alcohol products but controversial is the use of sex to sell alcoholic products (Carstarphen et al, 114). To analyze  the advertisement of Evan Williams’ whiskey, a rhetorical triangle is used. Also included are ethos, pathos as well as logos. The target audience for this advertisement was young males and females in their late teens, mid and late twenties. The advertiser uses pathos in the advertisement by evoking emotional feelings especially from the men.To get the male side of the equation, the advertiser draws attention as well as interest, by the use of a striking, attractive young lady on the right side of the advertisement, in bright colors to draw attention to a bottle of whiskey that is right in the center of the page. The thing that makes the attention of people to stick is that the attractive young lady is in fact posing next to nothing despite being incredibly good looking. There is also a way to get female attention to the advertisement. This is done through showing a plain girl, seeming a typical girl during the younger years. Besides that, there is an image of the same little girl but now she has become a woman, very attractive, more powerful, and full of confidence and self-esteem. Then the only way to achieve that is by drinking Evan Williams Kentucky straight bourbon whiskey. (Williams) The purpose of the advertisement is to attract the young adults to consume the advertised whiskey. The first very important information that is sent across to all potential buyers is that the whiskey has been brewed for seven years before being brought to the market. With a longer period of brewing, it means that the whiskey is matured and of quality hence being attractive to potential buyers. The use of this point illustrates the advertiser’s use of logos in the advertisement as they expect the consumer to be rational in their analysis of the advertisement such that they can tell the time period the whiskey took to mature. The advertiser uses sexual stereotypes that include a blonde hair, with blue eyes as well as breasts that are large in size. The whole thing leads to the impression that sex sells (Carstarphen et al, 114). This is the advertiser appealing to the ethos. Also cannot see the trustworthiness of this advert writer and most likely there is a snobby attitude as it seems that the only way that people care about others is if they are good looking and  the less attractive are viewed unequal. This fails to comply with the ethos such that it is not ethically right. It is also difficult for the woman who is less attractive on the right side of the advertisement to  achieve similar opportunities  than the one  who appears sexually enticing to the audience.  I believe that the advertisement is showing poor ethics hence failing to comply with the industry ethos. Logically the advertisement is essentially sexual. There is the use of a scantily clad lady, who looks so attractive in bright colors, standing just next to a bottle of whiskey. The  advertiser also tries to use a slogan that will go with the product as well as its application in a completely different situation including a woman. They also show how better it gets when aged seven years. It is degrading to the woman  who appears in the advertisement since it shows  her being  ugly in the first image, and then again  in  another shot, she appears years  later  with less clothing and  make up  done,  suggesting that  she now looks better.  The problem with it is that only few women look like that hence setting the bar too high to reach for ordinary people. I would also mention that there is nothing wrong with girl on the left as she is plain and simple.  The collective responsibility of the society is drained away through wearing close to nothing in order to catch attention as well as impress.  The photo on the left looks worse because they have not done the hair. The lady also wears a shirt that’s wrinkled, simple earnings as well as a simplistic vest. The advertiser  tries to get sexual emotions in most of their alcohol advertisements. Here they have used an attractive woman standing close to a bottle of whiskey. t. The advertisement is able to connect emotionally with the consumers who eventually buy the products. The campaign makes it more differentiated in product in comparison to its competitors. The effectiveness of the advertising campaign can be seen in the responsiveness of the consumers such that they are able to consume more of the products hence an increase in the products sales revenue. This thus highlights the effectiveness of the advertisement. The target audience of this campaign is the general public more specifically, home. The effectiveness in the delivery of the advertisement is quite successful. To me, the delivery of the advertisement is easy to relate to and because of that. I could be easily convinced do consume the product. The effective delivery of the advertisement makes its more appealing to the target audience hence helps in the achievement of their desired marketing goals.There is the impression that drinking this product will make the person to get this particular woman. There is the attraction on the female emotional side whereby there is the talk of how a young decent looking woman goes on to become attractive, the impression created here being that this product makes women become very attractive. This is appealing to consumer ethos. In the advert, the younger girl who looks less attractive  seems to be less confident  but in the older picture she looks more attractive. In the newer picture, she looks more vibrant and her clothing is more sexually proactive than in her older self, where she used to cover up and dint show any skin. Therefore the advert shows that a person becomes happier if they are good looking and sexually dressed unlike when they are not good looking persons Conclusion             In conclusion, I think the use of sexual appeal is a terrible way of advertising. The problem is that all companies have adopted this way of advertising and this has led to consumption of alcohol even for the under aged. I have also noticed that the different angles of this advertisement are similar as sex is used to sell everything. The society also seems to have adapted to this type of advertisement and therefore no changes will occur any time soon hence sexually racy ads will continue to be seen in the magazines (Sell now, 89). Hopefully companies will one day do away with these types of ads and make ads that are suitable to our culture. References Carstarphen, Meta G, and Susan C. Zavoina. Sexual Rhetoric: Media Perspectives on Sexuality, Gender, and Identity. Westport, Conn: Grenwood Press, 1999. Print. Messaris, Paul. Visual Persuasion: The Role of Images in Advertising. London: Sage Publications, 2002. Print. Sellnow, Deanna D. The Rhetorical Power of Popular Culture: Considering Mediated Texts. Los Angeles: SAGE, 2010. Print. Williams, Evan. ThinkUP Cube. 2012. Web. http://www.thinkupcube.com/portfolios/evan-williams/ BIBLIOGRAPHY l 1033 n.d. Evan William Whiskey Advertisement. . Source document

Faith Diversity Essay

The practice of health care providers at all levels brings you into contact with people of a variety of faiths. This calls for acceptance of a diversity of faith expressions. Research three diverse faiths. Choose faiths that are less well-known than mainstream faiths or are less known to you, such as Sikh, Bahai, Buddhism, Shintoism, Native American spirituality, etc. Compare the philosophy of providing care from the perspective of each of these three faiths with that of the Christian perspective and your own personal perspective. In 1,250 -1500 words, summarize your findings, and compare and contrast the different belief systems, reinforcing major themes with insights gained from your research. Some of the questions to consider when researching the chosen religions are: 1. What is the spiritual perspective on healing? 2. What are the critical components of healing, such as prayer, meditation, belief, etc.? 3. What is important to people of a particular faith when cared for by health care providers whose spiritual beliefs differ from their own? 4. How do patients view health care providers who are able to let go of their own beliefs in the interest of the beliefs and practices of the patient? Compare these beliefs to the Christian philosophy of faith and healing. In your conclusion, describe what you have learned from your research and how this learning can be applied to a health care provider practice. This assignment uses a grading rubric. Instructors will be using the rubric to grade the assignment; therefore, students should review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the assignment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the assignment. Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is required. Remember that Wikipedia is not considered a scholarly source.

The Awakening Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Awakening - Essay Example Though she chooses to act on her own, she fails to understand that freedom without responsibility brings about anarchy. While defying the Victorian ideals of femininity, she gullibly defies her motherhood and wifehood by deserting her children and husband. Her husband Leonce Pontellier appears to be the ideal Victorian male who is devoted to his family and remains busy in his business. Though Leonce effectively represents the authoritarian and possessive Victorian patriarchy, he –as a father and a husband- is less culpable. Before her romance with Robert, Edna’s relationship with Leonce was quite healthy. It essentially testifies that apart from the authoritarian patriarchal essence Leonce appears to be a good husband. Before the awakening at Robert’s second escape, Edna appears to be one of those heroines, of feminist metanarrative, who are aggressive to their men accusing them as their restrictive superiors. Chopin’s heroine also grows hatred for her hus band’s restrictions. She actively seeks a way out of it and begins to isolate her from the so-called male dominated society. She learns how to swim. Here swimming metaphorically refers to Edna’s perception of freedom. In the vast expanse of the ocean Edna can realize her own strength. When she is in the water, she perceives her position as an individual entity amid the universe. Until the readers reach the end of the novel, they mistake Edna’s husband Leonce Pontellier for a traditional patriarchal antagonist. Chopin presents the male characters as the passive patriarchal role-players of the society. Both Leonce and Robert cannot but succumb to the demands of the male dominated society. Neither Robert nor Leonce can be considered as villainous toward Edna. Rather the true villain, if there is any, is the society in which Robert and Leonce live. Chopin further explores deep into modern feminist metanarrative with a question how far it will be justifiable to conde mn motherhood and wifehood as the patriarchy-imposed restriction on women’s freedom. Far from portraying men as villains she attempts to impeach the society in a broader context for mutilating women’s freedom. Also she does not let a feminist go unquestioned. In the first place, she puts Edna’s role into question whether her decision to leave her husband and family is justified or not. She longs for Robert’s love. But she is not considerate enough to think that someone else such as her husband and children need her love. If she needs absolute freedom, she has got it. But even then she commits suicide because she does not get Robert’s love. Thus Chopin attempts to show that loveless freedom is meaningless. In addition, Chopin wants to purport that Edna is in search of freedom. Necessarily she asks the readers what Edna’s freedom is for. It is seems that Edna’s freedom is to fulfill her carnal hunger. She is infatuated with Robertâ€⠄¢s charm. But she seems to be oblivious to the aftermaths of such extramarital affair. Very likely, Chopin wants to say that the society which Robert, Leonce and even Edna herself are committed to is one based on the universal rules of human relationship. Robert’s awareness of adultery and his Declination from their extramarital affair are more of his respect for the marital agreement between Edna and Leonce than of his fear of patriarchal authority. Again through Edna’s attempt to attain freedom by distancing herself from

Energy as a Parameter in Politcs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Energy as a Parameter in Politcs - Essay Example It is true that Asia is the new ground zero for growth of energy consumption.it is also true that Asia will be responsible for 85% of the energy consumption growth on the planet in the next 20 years. This has seen Russia try to form ties with the east to establish a proper market for its hydrocarbon exports . The obvious deduction from this would be that Russia would wield more geopolitical power in the next few decades, which is not likely to be the case . The current technological advancements have enabled rapid expansion of the shale gas industry in the US. In a decade, the industry has grown dramatically with the product now in abundant supply,seeing drastic reduction in prices. The policy debate has snow shifted to how much of the nation’s energy resource should be exported.The strengthening of the US’ geopolitical strength due to the shift in paradigms of the global energy market has greatly hindered China’s attempt to be the global leader. The best way to counter this influence would be to weaken the alliances that the US has with states in the region. The result has been the heightening of maritime tensions in the region with the East China Sea conflict providing a good illustration . Both China and japan lay claim to a number of geographical features found in the sea. The features that comprise of a few islands and territorial waters could provide energy reserves and fishing grounds . However, this is not the only reason behind the conflict.

Zhang Yi Mou film-makers Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Zhang Yi Mou film-makers - Movie Review Example Let us overview some of the films of Zhang Yi Mou in order to find out what they are trying to show to the audience, and in the end try to see what similarities exist in his films and in the way the director presents them. The movie "Raise the Red Lantern", filmed in 1991, is one of the earliest works of Zhang Yi Mou, but nevertheless represents an astonishingly mature genre of melodrama. Indeed, while offering the audience rich and beautiful imagery, this picture is in essence a bitter story of Chinese sexual politics. That the films events take place in 1920s should not distract us from the fact that dangerous traditions may still be present in todays China as well. The movie begins as young Songlian after her father dies leaves college and becomes the fourth wife of Chen, a rich older man. However, this new life of Songlian is hardly a happy one because of a hostile atmosphere within her new family where each wife competes for preference from the side of their husband. Initially, Songlian attempts to win through in this contest, but the worth of the prise is hardly justified - it is the sexual attention of the husband, who himself is almost ignored by the camera. Power is distributed between wives b y the masters choice where to spend night, and the chosen wife may enjoy foot massage and the right to appoint menu for the next day. Here, we can understand the name of the film - according to an old tradition, red lanterns mark the place where the master wants to spend the night. Quite symbolically, if the master is absent lights go out as well as his attention to a wife. So, it is in this environment that Songlian attempts to outwit the ageing first wife, the apparently attentive second wife, and the secretive third wife. The faked pregnancy of Songlian temporarily endows her with power, but when the truth is uncovered the fate of Songlian is predetermined - her red lanterns are destined to remain dark. Finally, the girl becomes mad, and, ironically, the film ends with the arrival of the fifth wife. This plot is probably used by the director to indicate the ways in which we ourselves tolerate our own subjugation and ideological oppression, and this is true for people of different times, nationalities and positions. It is also quite indicative that "Raise the Red Lantern" was prohibited in China. "The Story of Qiu Ju", filmed in 1992, is another fascinating picture about a Chinese woman. The heroine of the film, an idealistic and obstinate peasant, strives for justice to be served after her husband gets hurt by the village authority. For Qiu Ju this incident is an extreme example of power abuse, so she can only be appeased by an apology, which she cannot obtain. In this situation, even despite being pregnant, Qiu Ju goes to town to settle her pressing issue with authorities there. But there she again fails to get satisfaction as all that she is offered is a financial settlement without recognition of guilt and public excuse. Then the woman carries her matter further to the city level, to the county level, until she reaches the capital authorities. Qiu Jus crusade against bureaucracy provides a comprehensive picture of modern China with its striking contrast between rural and city life. At the same time, the story of the peasant woman investigates different moral issues in a b ureaucratic society. However, above all stands the convincing and moving

Business and government Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Business and government - Article Example This corrodes and undermines the spirit of healthy competition in the free markets. Companies end up monopolizing the markets owing to a variety of reasons. It may happen because a company may be the individual and sole inventor of a particular product that commands a high and persistent demand in the market. Monopolies may also be brought about by the consolidation of the corporations that manufacture a particular product. Economists do have an ambiguous and mixed response towards the monopolies. Some experts say that governments should not try to alter or break the monopolistic situations in the free markets as they signify the ultimate will and desire of a free market. There exists on e other school of thought that though resents the government interference in the free markets, do believes that some sort of antitrust action or statutory rulings should be initiated by the state to tackle the situation of absolute monopoly in the free markets. Though it has been commonly seen that t he accusations of monopoly are often levelled against the companies who enjoy a competitive edge in the markets pertaining to the manufacturing and the supply of specific products or services, on do genuinely comes across situations where some companies deliberately resort to anticompetitive practices to command a position of monopoly. A highly pertinent and relevant example of monopoly that has shot up in the last two decades is that of Microsoft. Microsoft does have a monopoly power in the markets for personal computer operating systems. Though the monopoly of Microsoft over operating systems and web browsers has been significantly diluted by Firefox, open source and Linux operating systems, still Microsoft has been the target of hotly contested legal proceedings in the recent years owing to pertinent accusations of monopoly (wise GEEK, 2009).As the accusations of monopoly against Microsoft have entered the legal arena, it will be highly relevant to analyse such accusations in the light of the legal provisions pertaining to the monopolistic situations in the US, the UK and the European Union. To prove the accusations of monopoly in a court of law, it is imperative to show that a situation of monopoly exists. It is relatively easier to identify a situation of monopoly as per the UK law, as it defines the concept of monopoly in strictly structural terms (George et al, 2006:412). According to the British law, a firm is considered to be enjoying a position of monopoly pertaining to a specific product or service if it controls more then 25 percent market share of that product or service in the UK markets (George et al, 2006: 412). In that context, Microsoft definitely has a monopoly power over the market for personal computer operating systems, at least in the UK. However, the thing to be kept in mind is that a control over 25 percent of the market share does not automatically qualifies a firm as a monopoly according to the UK law (George et al, 2006: 412). In th e US though the monopolies come within the purview of legal provisions, there exists no structural limit pertaining to the legal definition of monopoly in the American law and the categorization of a situation of monopoly solely depends on the legal definition furnished by the courts of law in the US (George et al, 20

Causality and logical fallacieis in old wives' tales and old farmer's Essay

Causality and logical fallacieis in old wives' tales and old farmer's tales (tales are given) - Essay Example y arise because of observing some instances where they became true, so people shared these stories as facts, and these beliefs are subsequently passed on to others. The flaws in the logical reasoning behind these tales are: first, non sequitur because conclusions about these superstitions do not necessarily follow from the premises; second, hasty generalization because anecdotal evidence does not support the external validity of superstitions; third, confusing cause and effect because factors that happen together are not always related as cause and effect; and fourth, appeal to fear because black cats are related to witchcraft and demons. The old wives’ tale about pregnant women shows non sequitur because the effect of having a child who becomes a musician does not always follow from the practice of listening to music while pregnant. The exact source of this superstition is not well-documented, although some of these stories are likely to come from European countries that are fond of listening to classical music in the past. These mothers might have been incidentally listening to music while pregnant, so when their children became musicians, they immediately attributed the latter’s musician skills to their pregnancy habits. Nevertheless, even if it was true for some mothers, it does not follow, which is non sequitur, that every mother who follows the same practice will also have children with musical skills. Believing in this relationship results to another fallacy called hasty generalization. Even if some pregnant mothers attest that they listened to music regularly while pregnant, and that this practi ce provided musical skills to their children, their small sampling cannot be applied to the entire population of mothers who follow the same habit. It will be hasty generalization to assume that the practice of a small group generates effects that are applicable for the whole population. Anecdotal evidence is not enough to prove the external validity of the

Challenges and responses in housing management Essay

Challenges and responses in housing management - Essay Example In addition to that the dissertation will also include the responses that the housing management system or process have received. This proposal attempts to provide a clear understanding regarding the main dissertation. It includes a proper description of the research question. Other crucial details regarding the dissertation are also included in the proposal. The proposed dissertation will attempt to address the two above mentioned research questions. The main objective of this research will be to identify and analyze the challenges that the housing management system or process have been facing throughout the world. This research will aim to gain insight of these challenges. In addition to that another major objective of this research is to find out the responses that the idea of housing management has received till now. The research will focus on the organizations that are associated with housing management and the responses that they have received so far from the society as a whole. The concept of housing management was first seen as an area of practice during the period of 1860 to 1864. At the present global scenario housing management is referred to â€Å"the management of all the present and potential housing resources of an area so as to contain and ameliorate, as well as to eliminate, its inherent problems† (Chiu, 2007). Challenges to housing management in the present global society may come from various sources. Challenges can be in the form of political, financial, social as well as legal. In addition to that challenges may arise due to lack of infrastructure. Like various challenges, there are different types of responses that the housing management system has been receiving throughout the world. All the literatures that are related to housing management and the challenges that it has been facing over the past few years, will be described in the dissertation. During the process of search of relevant literature both

Organisational Change Case Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Organisational Change Case Report - Essay Example However, the restructuring process resulted in loss of customer loyalty and negative publicity. In the current study, various models for organisational change have been studied and the best model for Qantas change management has been selected. This model has been used in various applications in order to facilitate better communication and increase motivation as well as employee engagement. The model is also helpful in determining the various strategies through which the business can be improved and made sustainable. Conclusions helped in wrapping up the entire report with important points. Recommendations have been given in terms of the failure of earlier strategies as well as future strategies, which can be an added advantage to the current change management process. Contents 1. Introduction 3 2. Critical Evaluation of Diagnostic Models 3 2.1 Open system Model 3 2.2 Congruence Model 4 2.3 Burke-Litwin Model 5 2.4 Choice of Diagnostic Model for Qantas 6 3. Application of selected mod el to Qantas 6 3.1 Application in the formal organizational system 7 3.2 Application in informal organization 8 3.3 Application in Employee management 8 4. Conclusion 9 5. Recommendations 9 References 11 1. Introduction Qantas is an airline carrier in Australia. The airline carries 65 percent share of the domestic market of Australia and around 19 percent of international passengers travelling in and out of the nation. Sydney airport is the major hub (Qantas, 2013a). The company saw a huge decline in their profit margin in the year 2012 when profits went negative (Qantas, 2013b). As a result, the management decided to bring about huge restructuring in their organization as well as strategies. The airline carrier has been involved in organizational restructuring as a result of the increasing economic downturn and loss of revenue. The organization was in news because of its massive reduction in management staffs and employee layoffs as a fundamental review process (Paraskevas, 2006). Through this organizational change management process, the company hopes to cope up with the ongoing economic challenges and revive its organization from the present global financial downturn. The objective of this report is to analyze the change management process occurring in the organization. The study will involve use of various diagnostic tools for organizational change management and identify the tools best suitable for the organization. Literature review as well as organizational practice will be considered while reviewing and identifying recommendations and selecting appropriate methods. 2. Critical Evaluation of Diagnostic Models 2.1 Open system Model It is an organizational model which recognizes that an organization exists in the framework of a bigger environment which affects its performance and in turn also affects the way an organization interacts with the change. According to this model, firms operate within external environment, taking specific inputs and transformin g those using technical and social processes (Sullivan, 2004). The outputs are returned to this environment and used as feedback for firm’s functioning. Open system model can be described on the basis of its various properties described below; Environment: Open system environment involve people and organization exchanging resources and information with the environment.

Describe Your Own Leadership Style Essay Example for Free

Describe Your Own Leadership Style Essay Jim Collins and a group of 22 research associates conducted a five-year research project searching an answer on the question ‘how a company from merely good can be transformed to great one’ and identified that behind this transformation lies a level 5 leader. Level 5 leadership refers to the highest level in a hierarchy of manager’s capabilities. A level 5 leader transforms the organisation into a great institution through a paradoxical combination of personal humility plus professional will. Beneath Level 5 leaders, lie four other layers, each one appropriate in its own right but none with the power of Level 5. Level 1 leader is a high capable individual who plays an important role in the success of his organisation through his talent, knowledge, skills and good work habits. A level 2 leader is a contributing team member who is very good with his team members and ensures that his team meets its assigned objectives and fulfils the core purpose. A level 3 leader is a competent manager who is skilled at organising people and resources towards the effective and efficient pursuit of predetermined objectives. A level 4 leader is an effective leader. He sets high-level performance standards. He is remarkable at motivating his people and leading them towards realising his vision of the organisation. (Appendix 1, p. 11 summarises all levels of Collins’ Leadership Hierarchy) (Collins, J. (2005). Level 5 Leadership: The Triumph of Humility and Fierce Resolve, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 83. No. 7, p. 136-146) The purpose of this assignment is to conduct an evaluation of my own style of leadership within the organisation in which I work by using the above hierarchy as a frame of reference. In order to produce a thorough assessment on both my style and the usefulness of Collin’s model, a range of other theories and concepts must be taken into consideration. However, before proceeding to the analysis and evaluation, it would be helpful first to know the position I hold as well as its responsibilities within the organisation. A Brand Manager, member of the Marketing Department, is responsible for the planning, development and implementation of the Companys marketing activities, among others: Launching of new products, market research studies, promotional activities/materials, to organize and execute the raining programs for the Sales Force. In order to become an efficient and effective Brand manager, the company is requiring knowledge (good academic background), experience and managerial skills including: Strategic and analytic capabilities, entrepreneurial spirit, team player, and flexibility and strong skills in communication and leadership. The Idea of Leadership It is most likely to find a topic more important to business success today than leadership. Leadership is defined as the ability to influence people toward the achievement of goals. Leadership occurs among people, involves the use of influence and it is used to attain goals. Leaders are expected to persuade or inspire people, produce cooperative efforts and pursue goals. Leadership is different from management, though the two are easily confused. One may be a leader without being a manager and many managers cannot ‘lead a squad of seven- years –olds to the ice cream counter’ according to Gardner (1989). Gardner believes that there are several dimensions for distinguishing leadership from management. Leaders think long-term, look outside as well as inside and influence others regardless the position that they possess. In order to understand the idea of Leadership and which are the characteristics a leader usually has, studies and research have been conducted and several approaches to leadership styles as well as theories are arose. Some of them are going to be related to Collin’s Level 5 leadership hierarchy as well as to my own style of leadership. (Daft R. L. , Management, ch. 16, Leadership in Organisations , p. 514-515) Level 1 Leader The Leadership Traits Approach Leadership trait approach is the oldest approach to the study of leadership. From this approach occurs that there are certain qualities in some people that define them as leaders or potential leaders. Traits therefore are the distinguishing personal characteristics such as intelligence, values and appearance. Leaders extend their power and use their abilities to influence events. Effective leaders are usually more intelligent, more dependable, responsible and more active. They usually ask for more information and give out more information. However, the ppropriateness of a trait or a set of traits depends on the leadership situation. The same traits do not apply to every organisation or situation. (Appendix 2, p. 11 summarises the physical, social and personal leadership characteristics) On the contrary, Collin’s Hierarchy is consisted of several characteristics/ capabilities that most can be found also in the leadership trait approach such as knowledge, achievement to drive and working effectively with others in a group setting. However, two characteristics that are of great importance are not included in it. There are the most important ones and are a necessary requirement for transforming an organisation from good to great, humility and professional will. (Diploma in Management, Module book 1, section 6, Teams in Management, p. 6. 16) However, in order to understand in what extent these two concepts can be correlated, we can use ourselves as an example. For instance, my position requires being a highly capable individual (Collin’s Hierarchy Level 1). How can I accomplish this requirement? By demonstrating many of the personal traits such as intelligence, knowledge, judgement and cognitive ability. For instance, the products that I handle have intense competition. Good knowledge of the market as well as intelligent moves made them to differentiate from competition. The creation of a guideline for treatment at home as well as the delivery of the products at home gave a benefit to them. As a result, Doctors preferred to prescribe these products for long term use and hade great impact on the company’s name and reliability. When we speak of leadership, either we refer to the qualities/ competencies of an individual or we can refer to a function of organisation. The ‘trait’ theory of leadership- the traditional or popular management view of leadership- focuses on the concept that leadership is a quality or set of qualities particular to an individual. On the contrary, the group dynamics theory sees leadership as a function of organisation. Level 2 Leader Task versus people perspective styles Task versus people perspective styles of leadership do not take into consideration the organisation as a whole. They focus on teams. Every group of people has a task to accomplish. However, since groups are composed of people, several needs arise from them. According to the group dynamics theory of leadership, the person who adequately fulfils the needs that the group perceive to be the most important could be considered as an effective leader. A working team need to fulfil two functions. First, its formal tasks must be fulfilled. In order this to be accomplished; a set of competencies must be evolved. Technical knowledge, innovation and sense of achievement are related with the instrumental need to perform the tasks. Second, needs for affiliation, interaction and mutual support are usually observed within a team. Such needs are called expressive needs. The person who becomes leader must facilitate the satisfaction of some of the teams’ needs. This leader emerges to the group because he is the best able to help the group survive and succeed. ) (Master in Business Administration, Module book 3, section 1 The Theory of Leadership, p. 1. 7-1-11) According to Collin’s leadership hierarchy, the leader that is described in the group dynamics approach could be characterised as a level 2 leader. A contributing team member who is very good with his team members and ensures that his team meets its assigned objectives and fulfils the core purpose. Both group dynamics approach and Collins hierarchy are useful in helping us to see how leaders may relate to team members and to situations. (Collins, J. , (2005). Level 5 Leadership: The Triumph of Humility and Fierce Resolve, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 83. No. 7, p. 136-146) As a Brand Manager, one of my responsibilities to support our sales team by providing them with moderate amounts of detail and focus on why it is important for the team members to complete our objectives. However, I believe that co-owning the objective/action plan with team members and asking team members ideas as well as offering my own ideas is more efficient and can lead us easier to our goals. Besides, It is better to have, for instance, five people to think rather than one. Therefore, I strongly believe that teamwork can lead to better results. Level 3 Leader The Contingency Theory According to contingency models, leadership depends as much on the situation of the group as on the leader himself or herself. Thus, we have a choice; either the leader can fit to the situation or change effectively the situation to fit the leader. As we can understand, leadership is different for first-level supervisors than for chief executives and the kind of leadership needed for skilled and highly motivated followers may not work for followers who are alienated and untrained. According to Fiedler, contingency model divides the leadership situation into three variables. In order to determine the most effective leadership style, we must consider the inter-relationship of the three contingencies: leader – member relations, task- structure and position power. 1. Leader – member relations, where mutual trust, respect and open communication exist and can be consider as advantageous. This means that tasks are clear and structured and members are aware of the power the leader holds. On the other hand, where there is little or no trust, respect of communication, then the relationship can be characterised as disadvantageous (control over the situation is needed and a focus on a task will not detract from the leaders/ team relationship because this is not essential to start with. 2.  Task- structure, when work is highly structured and easy to know when somebody has not complied with an instruction and it is easy to impose sanctions. However, when work is unstructured, leaders cannot enforce compliance with external controls and therefore, the leader has much less power than when work is highly structured. 3. Position power, is the extent to which a leader has formal authority over the followers. When position power is high then the leader has the power to plan and direct the work of followers, evaluate it and accordingly reward or punish it. On the other hand, when position power is low, the leader has little authority over followers. (Appendix 3, p. 11 presents Fiedler’s examination on how Leader Style fits the situation) Finally, according to Fiedler, task-oriented leaders tend to be more effective in situations that are either highly advantageous or highly disadvantageous to them and that relationship-oriented leaders tend to be more effective in situations that are moderately advantageous to them. (Bolman,L. G. , Terrence,D. E. , Reframing Organisations, Ch. , Reframing Leadership, p. 342-344) According to Collin, a level 3 leader is a competent manager who is skilled at organising people and resources towards the effective and efficient pursuit of predetermined objectives. However, as it is showed above, an efficient leader must differ from situation to situation or from team to team, according to its special characteristics. Analysing a level 3 leader in correlation with Contingency theory, we understand tha t a level 3 leader should consider both leader –member relations and tasks. Predetermined objectives cannot be achieved, if mutual trust, respect and open communication do not exist in a team and if tasks are not highly structured and followers do not know precisely their responsibilities. However, we must never ignore the extent to which a leader has formal authority over the followers. (Collins, J. , (2005). Level 5 Leadership: The Triumph of Humility and Fierce Resolve, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 83. No. 7, p. 136-146) For instance, according to my position, my everyday contact is with the sales team. According to my opinion, it is clear that trust, respect as well as open communication and mutual understanding exist within our team. One of the responsibilities of my position is to organise in some extent, their work by indicating them what is our goal and how we can reach it, with what tools and where we want to focus. Another one is to monitor our products sales and ask questions whenever I believe it is necessary. However, my position power is not as high as to evaluate them and reward or punish them accordingly.

What Are The Impacts Of An Earthquake Environmental Sciences Essay

What Are The Impacts Of An Earthquake Environmental Sciences Essay Tectonic earthquake is the most common form of earthquake that occurs in various parts of the world. The main cause for triggering an earthquake is due to the movement of different tectonic plates. The surface of earth is made up of a number of rigid parts called tectonic plates and is in continuous movement with each other. These plate movements are driven by forces deep within the earth. There are two types of tectonic earthquakes; they are (a) Inter plate earthquakes or Plate boundary earthquakes and (b) Intra plate earthquake or Mid Plate earthquakes [ASC India web] Inter plate earthquakes This type of earthquake occurs along the narrow zones that follows the boundaries of the tectonic plate. This type of earthquake is caused by the interaction of the two or more tectonic plates. There are two prominent bands of Inter-Plate boundaries in the world. One band begins from the western Mediterranean covering southern Europe, North Africa and extending through the Middle East and ending in the Himalayas. The second band is in the form of a circle around the Pacific Rim, which includes Japan, Philippines, Indonesia, Kamchatka in Russia, south pacific island nations and New Zealand in the west. The eastern part of the circle includes Alaska, California, Pacific, North-West parts of United States, Western Canada, Central America, South American countries of Colombia, Peru, Chile, and Ecuador. This circum pacific band is also known as the Ring of Fire [ASC India] Intra plate earthquakes This type of earthquake occurs far from the plate boundaries and this type of earthquakes are less frequent compare to the inter plate earthquake. This type of earthquakes are also capable of releasing the same amount of energy that is released during the inter plate earthquake and this type of earthquakes are also capable of causing destruction and damage to the society and people. The energy released from this type of earthquake contributes only 1% of the annual seismic energy released globally. This type of earthquakes occur in Indian peninsula, central Indian Ocean, Central and Eastern United States, Eastern Canada, northern Europe, Australia, Brazil, Hawaii and in the Western parts of Africa. [ASC India] 2.2.2 Volcanic Earthquake Volcanic earthquakes are caused due to the volcanic activity which can cause threats like deformation of ground, cracking of ground and damage to buildings and other manmade structures. 2.2.3 Manmade Earthquake (Explosion, Collapse, Boring earth) 2.3 General Impacts of earthquake 2.3 Chapter Discussion and Conclusions 3 Resilience of Buildings 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Assessment of Building 3.3 Resilience to Structural Components of a Building 3.4 Improvisation in a Building 3.5 Chapter Discussions and Conclusions 4. Earthquake Hazard in India 4.1 Introduction India is the seventh largest country in the world covering the area of about 3,287,240  Km2 (Approx.) with the population of about 1.1 billion and it has a large area of its land which are likely to be affected by wide range of probable maximum seismic intensities. In the past 100 years the country was affected by many earthquakes in different parts, which were responsible for the loss of many lives, buildings and other man-made structures. Among the number of earthquakes that affected the country, the shallow earthquake had a magnitude of M=5.0 or more on the Richter scale, and the catastrophic earthquake that has occurred in the past had a magnitude of M=8.0 or more which struck in the areas like Kutch, Andaman Island and besides the Himalayas. This chapter discusses about damaging earthquakes that occurred in India and the main seismic regions in India. The different seismic regions are explained by illustrating the past earthquakes that occurred and its impact in the society. 4.2 Earthquake occurrences in India and the Neighborhood In the past 100 hundred years India has suffered four great earthquakes of magnitude 8.5 or more and imposing many causalities and economic loss. The earthquake which had the largest magnitude in India was recorded as M=8.7 which had its epicenter in Shillong plateau that took place in the year 1897. The other notable earthquake to mention is earthquake that took place in Sadiya region with a magnitude of M=8.6 which was so powerful that it even changed the courses of the rivers and disturbed the ground level. The below table 1 shows the list of damaging earthquakes that has occurred in India. It gives general information about the earthquake like the affected area of the earthquake, date and time of earthquake, affected areas location in latitude and longitude, magnitude of the earthquake and the number of deaths. Date (ddmmyyyy) Area Time in IST Latitude in Degrees Longitude in Degrees Magnitude M Deaths (Approximate value) 16.01.1819 Gujarat (Kutch) Mid Night 8.0 1500 26.08.1833 Bihar-Nepal 27.5 86.5 7.7 1500 12.06.1897 Assam (Shillong) 16:36 25.9 91.0 8.7 1600 08.02.1900 Kerala (Palghat) 03:11 10.7 76.7 6.0 Nil 04.04.1905 Himachal Pradesh (Kangra) 06:20 32.5 76.5 8.0 20000 03.07.1930 Assam (Dhubri) 02:33 25.8 90.2 7.1 Many 15.01.1934 Bihar-Nepal 14:13 26.6 86.8 8.3 14000 26.05.1941 Andaman 12.4 92.5 8 Many 23.10.1943 Assam 22:53 26.8 94.0 7.2 15-08-1950 Assam 19:39 28.7 96.6 8.6 1500 21.07.1956 Gujarat (Anjar) 21:02 23.3 70.0 7.0 115 28.10.1958 Uttar Pradesh (Kapkote) 30.0 80.0 6.3 Many 27.08.1960 Delhi 21:28 28.3 77.4 6.0 02.09.1963 Kashmir (Badgam) 07:04 33.9 74.7 5.5 In Hundreds 27.07.1966 Western Nepal 29.5 81.0 6.3 15.08.1966 Uttar Pradesh (Moradabad) 28.0 79.0 5.3 02.07.1967 Nicobar 9.0 93.4 6.2 11.12.1967 Maharashtra (Koyna) 04:21 17.4 73.7 6.5 200 13.04.1970 Andhra Pradesh (Bhadra-chalam) 17.6 80.6 6.5 23.03.1970 Gujarat (Broach) 07:23 21.7 72.9 5.7 30 19.01.1975 Himachal Pradesh 32.5 78.4 6.5 21.08.1988 Bihar Nepal 04:39 26.76 86.62 6.6 1003 20.10.1991 Uttar Pradesh (Uttar Kashi) 02:53 30.75 78.86 6.6 715 30.09.1993 Maharashtra (Killari) 03:55 18.07 76.62 6.3 7928 22.05.1997 Madhya Pradesh (Jabalpur) 04:23 23.1 80.1 6.0 38 29.05.1999 Uttar Pradesh (Chamoli) 00:35 30.3 79.56 6.5 63 26.01.2001 Gujarat (Kachchh or Bhuj) 08:46 23.6 69.8 7.7 13805 08.10.2005 Jammu Kashmir (Kashmir) 09:20 34.5 73.6 7.6 India-1400 Pakistan occupied Kashmir (POK)-73726 Table 1- Some Better Known damaging Earthquakes in India [IITK, book] 4.3 Main Seismic Regions The main seismic regions in India are divided into 7 seismic regions they are Kashmir and Western Himalayas Central Himalayas (including Nepal Himalayas) Northeast India Indo-Gangetic Basin and Rajasthan Cambay and the Rann of Kutch Peninsular India Andaman and Nicobar islands. These seismic regions are summarized below (1) Kashmir and Western Himalayas This region covers the states of Jammu Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and sub mountain parts of Punjab. This area has suffered a history of 180 earthquakes of magnitude M=5 or more. Kangra earthquake of April 4, 1905 had a maximum intensities of magnitude M=8.0, and it caused a large scale destruction in the area and resulted in loss of 20,000 lives, which are mainly due to the collapse of structures made of brick, stone and earthen materials. Other notable damaging earthquakes in this region are the Budgam earthquake of September 2, 1963, Anantnag earthquake of February 20, 1987, Dharmshala earthquake of April 26, 1986 and Kashmir earthquake of October 8, 2005. During the Kashmir earthquake more than 75,000 lives are lost due to the collapse of stone buildings. (2) Central Himalayas This region covers the mountain and sub mountain regions of Uttar Pradesh, sub mountain regions of Bihar and Nepal. This area has experienced more than 135 earthquakes of magnitude M=5 or more and they are mostly occurred in the eastern and western parts. The eastern side of this region has experienced a very high seismicity and the earthquake to mention in this region is Bihar-Nepal earthquake occurred on January 15, 1934 which had a magnitude of M= 8.4 and destroyed thousands of homes and 13,000 people were killed in this earthquake. The western side of this region has experienced earthquakes of magnitude from M=6 and the maximum magnitude of M=7.5 was recorded during the Dharchula earthquake in 1916. The central side of this area has not experienced any earthquakes. The most recent earthquake occurred in the central Himalaya is on August 20, 1988 with the magnitude of M=6.7 and it affected northern parts of Bihar and eastern Nepal. (3) North East India This region covers the entire Indian Territory to the east of north Bengal. This seismic region is comprises of the neighboring countries like Myanmar (Burma) and Bhutan. This region is one of the most severe seismic regions in the world, which has a history of experiencing 520 earthquakes of magnitude M=5, among which 24 earthquakes had magnitude of M=7 or more. The largest earthquake in this region is Assam earthquake of 1897 which had a magnitude of M=8.7 and is the largest earthquake ever recorded in this region. The other earthquake which has similar magnitude to Assam earthquake is the Sadiya earthquake of 1950 which had a magnitude of M=8.6. It is the only earthquake which has been rarely repeated in the world. As these earthquakes had a high magnitude it resulted in change of topographical levels, but the economic loss and loss of life was less as the population in 1897 was less and in 1950 the earthquake occurred in a less populated area. Other reasons for reduced damage of these earthquakes is that the type of construction in Assam was different to the present situation, construction during that period had a practice of using bamboo posts and Ekra (Wattle and Daub) walling was light and strong which remained undamaged during these earthquakes. The present type of construction is different from the traditional Assam type construction, where the construction materials are changed bamboo and Ekra to bricks and stones, non-engineered buildings have increased with the increase in population. As a result there is a possibility for more damages to life and property during future earthquakes. (4) Indo Gangetic Basin and Rajasthan This region covers Rajasthan, Haryana, plains of Punjab, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and Bengal situated to north of the Vindhyas. This area has suffered from 110 earthquakes of magnitude of M=5 or greater are known to occur in this region. Most of the seismic activities have occurred on the Moradabad faults, Lucknow, Patna faults and the Sohna fault near Delhi. The maximum seismic activity occurred in this area is recorded as M=6.7, which shows that this is a moderate to minor seismic zone. (5) Cambay and the Rann of Kutch This region is comparatively smaller than the other regions classified here, but this region has suffered from one of the worst earthquakes in India. This region has suffered from 20 earthquakes of minimum magnitude as M=5.0 and two other earthquakes of magnitude M= 7.0 and M=8.0 this earthquake occurred in Rann of Kutch in the year 1819 by killing 2000 people and destroying the town of Bhuj. Similarly the city of Anjar was also destroyed by an earthquake in 1956. But the most destructive earthquake of this area is the recent Kachchh earthquake in January 26, 2001, which had a magnitude of M=7.7 and it resulted in the loss of 14,000 people, destroying about 230,000 buildings and damaging more than 800,000 buildings. Many reinforced concrete frame buildings were destroyed due to the impact of this earthquake. The main reason for the failure of these buildings is due to bad design and construction practice. This region is considered to be severe to moderate seismic region. (6) Peninsular India and Lakshadweep islands This region is more stable compared to other region as this region is a pre Cambrian shield and it does not have any adjacent plate boundaries. The type earthquakes occurred here are Intra plate earthquake. This region has experienced 32 earthquakes with average magnitude M= 5.0 and maximum magnitude of M=6.5. The maximum magnitude was recorded during the Koyna earthquake of 1967. Most destroying earthquake in this region is the Marathwada earthquake of M=6.4 occurred in the year 1993 which took the lives of 8000 people. As this region has experienced very less seismic activity, this area is considered to be less to moderate seismic region. (7) The Andaman Nicobar Island This region is highly seismic and has suffered from 190 earthquakes with average magnitude of M=5.0 and the maximum magnitude of M=8.1. The giant earthquake of M=8.1 occurred in the year 1941 and caused severe damages to the main town of Port Blair by damaging the civil and military installations. This area was indirectly affected during the Sumatra earthquake on December 24, 2004 which had a magnitude of M=9.3 and was the cause for the tsunami. The use of unreinforced masonry in this area is increasing with the rise in population, from which it is evident that the risk of more damages in the future events. 4.4 The Seismic Hazard Zoning Map The seismic zoning map of India has been standardized by the Bureau of Indian Standards which is given in the earthquake design resistant code of India (IS: 1893-Part 1, 2002, fig 2). According to this seismic zoning map, the seismic zones have been revised from its previous map which had 5 or 6 zones to 4 zones based on the records of seismic activity in India. The 4 seismic zones are classified on the expected probable intensities on 12 point Modified Mercalli intensity scale or Medvedev-Sponheuer-Karnik scale (MSK). The four seismic zones are zone 2, 3, 4 and 5. The seismic zoning map of India is given below which shows the different seismic zones in India. [Jalandhar, book] Figure Seismic Zoning Map of India Image Courtesy [http://www.mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/images/zone_map.jpg] Zone 2 This zone has the least amount of seismic activity experienced in India and this zone is classified as the Low Damage Risk Zone. This zone is expected to have probable occurrence of MSK VI or less. The horizontal ground acceleration in this zone is 0.1 g, and this factor is considered by the Engineers in the structural designing of earthquake resistant structures. Zone 2 seismic area in India is less compared to other zones. [Jalandhar, relief, seismo, book] Zone 3 This zone has moderate amount of seismicity and this zone is classified as Moderate Damage Risk Zone. This zone is expected to have probable occurrence of MSK VII. The horizontal ground acceleration in this zone is 0.16 g or 10-20 % of gravitational acceleration. This zone covers the cities like Ahmedabad, Vadodara, Rajkot, Bhavnagar, Surat, Mumbai, Agra, Bhiwandi, Nasik, Kanpur Pune, Bhubaneswar, Cuttack, Asansol, Kochi Kolkata, Varanasi, Bareilly, Lucknow, Indore, Jabalpur, Vijayawada, Dhanbad, Chennai, Coimbatore, Mangalore, Kozhikode, Trivandrum, and Andaman Nicobar islands. [Jalandhar, relief, seismo, book] Zone 4 This zone has high seismicity and this zone is classified as High Damage Risk Zone. This zone is expected to have probable occurrence of MSK VIII. The horizontal ground acceleration in this zone is 0.24 g or 20-30% of gravitational acceleration. This zone This zone covers the cities like Dehradun, New Delhi, Yamuna Nagar, Patna, Meerut, Jammu, Amritsar, and Jalandhar. [Jalandhar, relief, seismo, book] Zone 5 This zone has highest seismicity in India and this zone is classified as Very High Damage Risk Zone. This zone is expected to have probable occurrence of MSK IX or more. In this zone the area which has trap or basaltic rock are more prone to earthquakes. The horizontal ground acceleration in this zone is 0.36 or 30-40 % of gravitational acceleration and this is the peak value of gravity that is experienced during a Maximum Credible Earthquake (MCE). This covers cities like Guwahati and Srinagar. Punjab, Kashmir, western Himalayas, central Himalayas, Northeast India and Rann of Kutch also fall in this zone. [Jalandhar, relief, seismo, book] Seismicity Map of India Seismicity map gives the relative frequency and distribution of earthquakes in a given zone. Below is the seismicity map of India, it clear shows the distribution of earthquakes in India and the neighborhood countries. The green stars represents the areas which has suffered from earthquakes of magnitude M=5.0 to 5.9, blue stars represent the areas which has suffered from earthquakes of magnitude of M=6.0 to 6.9, pink stars represent the areas which has suffered from earthquakes of magnitude M= 7.0 to 7.9, red stars represent the areas which had suffered from earthquakes of magnitude M= 8.0 to 8.9., and yellow stars represent the areas suffered from earthquakes of magnitude M= 9.0 or above. C:UsersSalahudeenDesktopseismicity_map.jpg Figure Seismicity Map of India [http://www.mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/images/seismicity_map.jpg] 4.5 Damaging Effects of Earthquake Earthquakes can cause damage to the society and indirectly affect the economy of the country. Earthquakes are the greatest destroyers of man-made structures like buildings, power plants, bridges, dams etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Generally when a person thinks about the effects of an earthquake, ground shaking comes to a persons mind, but ground shaking is not the only effects of an earthquake; there are possibilities for other natural hazards like landslides, liquefaction, and tsunamis. These hazards are directly related to earthquake, as they are caused due to direct impact of an earthquake. Other possible hazards are cracking of dam walls which can cause leakage of water and causing flood, falling of electricity poles can cause live wires to be exposed and can trigger a fire, damage of underground gas pipelines and can trigger a fire, damage of underground water pipelines this could be difficult in case of controlling fire. [UWIE seismic] Some of the possible damaging effects of an earthquake are shown in the flowchart below (fig 3). An earthquake can cause two events like surface rupture or seismic waves. The surface of the earth ruptures during an earthquake, which shifts the surface and causes the building to collapse, resulting in personal injury or loss of life and loss of properties. If the surface rupture takes place in the ocean it produces a sea wave/tsunami and can cause flooding in the nearby coastal areas. Seismic waves created as a result of earthquake causes the surface of earth to shift. Surface shifts can lead to dynamic settlement of rock wedge or soil liquefaction and cause damages to manmade structures. Surface shifts can cause slope movements on the path of river and creating a barrier to form a natural dam and cause flooding in the nearby area. Surface shifts can directly affect the buildings and structures and cause fire or flood. It is clear that earthquake does not kill people, other events whi ch are triggered due to earthquake only kills, so measures should be taken to withstand or overcome the following events of an earthquake. [Book] Tidal Waves or Tsunami Figure 3 Flow chart of damaging effects of an earthquake [book] Impact on Man/Society Personal injury Loss of belongings Psychological effects Sociological effects Overall earthquake effects Floods Non Structural Damage Collapse of structural components / fire/ flood (e.g. by dam break) Damage to building structures Natural river Damming Damage to building structures Slope Movement Primary effects Near Surface Shift Near Surface Shift Dynamic Settlement, Soil Liquefaction Coastal Floods Damage to building structures Near Surface Shift Near Surface Shift Near Surface Shift Seismic Waves Surface Rupture Earthquake of Magnitude M = 5- 8.7 Geologic effects of Ground Shaking During an earthquake a person can observe the shaking of the ground, the shaking duration depends on the size of the earthquake i.e. its magnitude, distance from epicenter, amplitude, location and its regional geology. Shaking of ground can cause the structure to collapse, shaking of ground also depends on the type of soil, if the soil is soft and loose the shaking will be more, (see fig.4) if the soil is tight and compactly packed the shaking will be less. It is important to make sure that the structures are built on hard ground or on the hard rock. If there is a need to build structure on the soft surface, it has to be compacted before constructing. The epicenter of an earthquake also depends on the duration of shaking, nearer the epicenter more the duration of shaking. Ground shaking also depends on the amplitude; amplitude will be high with increase in the size of the earthquake. [Geology] C:UsersSalahudeenDesktopCapture3.JPG Figure Regional Geology of Shaking [geology] Figure [Landslides]Landslides and liquefactionC:UsersSalahudeenDesktoplandslide.JPG Landslides are defined as the mass movement of rock, debris or earth down a slope due to gravity, they can occur on any terrain with suitable conditions of soil, moisture, and the angle of slope. Landslides can be triggered by rains, floods, earthquakes, volcanoes, and other man made causes like grading, terrain cutting and filling etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Manmade structures are not the only affected due to stress of the seismic waves, natural structures like mountain slopes and hillsides also fail due to the stress of the seismic waves. In India the most vulnerable regions for landslides are Himalayas and Western Ghats. [Landslides 1, 2] In the below fig.5 is a graph showing the cumulative number of fatalities since September 2002 in India and China. The number of deaths caused due to the earthquake induced landslides is clearly shown which approximates 40,000 fatalities during both the Kashmir earthquake and Wenchuan earthquake. [Landslides] Tsunamis Figure Tsunami InitiationTsunami is a Japanese term that means harbor wave, they are generally confused with tidal waves but they both are different. Tsunamis are caused by a sudden vertical offset in the ocean floor triggered by underwater earthquakes, undersea landslides and undersea volcanic deformation. The sudden offset of the ocean floor changes the elevation of the ocean and initiates a water wave that travels outward from the region of sea-floor disruption which is shown in fig 6.C:UsersSalahudeenDesktoptsu 3.png In 26 December, 2004, a tsunami wave hit the countries situated around the Bay of Bengal. The tsunami wave was triggered by an earthquake of magnitude M=8.9 which had its epicenter in the west coast of Sumatra in Indonesia. The damage of this tsunami in India almost affected 876 villages in south India with an area of 4000 hectares and it affected population of 3.5 million. [Tsunami] It is clear that the number of people died as a result of an earthquake is less when compared to the deaths caused by the triggering events following an earthquake. 4.6 Earthquake Prediction 4.7 Earthquake Hazard risk to Urban Areas 4.8 Chapter Discussions and Conclusions 5. Earthquake Resistant Structure 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Classification of Seismic Designs 5.3 Comparison of Seismic practices in India and Abroad 5.4 Chapter Discussion and Conclusion 6. Case Study Bhuj Earthquake 6.1 Introduction and Methodology 6.1.1Case Study as Research Methodology 6.1.2 Case Study Design 6.2 Damage Assessment 6.3 Factors influenced the earthquake damage 6.3.1 Type of Building Construction 6.3.2Quality of materials 6.3.3 Liquefaction 6.4 Chapter Discussion and Conclusion 7. Discussions 8. Conclusion

The Elegant Universe :: essays research papers

Part I: The Edge of Knowledge Chapter 1: Tied Up with Strings This is the introductory section, where the author, Brian Greene, examines the fundamentals of what is currently proven to be true by experimentation in the realm of modern physics. Green goes on to talk more about "The Basic Idea" of string theory. He describes how physicists are aspiring to reach the Theory of Everything, or T.O.E. Some suspect when string theory is completely understood that it might turn out to become the T.O.E.Part II: The Dilemma of Space, Time, and Quanta Chapter 2: Space, Time, and the Eye of the Beholder In the chapter, Greene describes how Albert Einstein solved the paradox about light. In the mid-1800's James Maxwell succeeded in showing that light was actually an electromagnetic wave. From this he concluded that light always travels at the speed of light. It never slows down. Einstein asked the question: "What happens if we chase after a beam of light, at light speed?" From reasoning based on Newton's laws of motion, one can assume that the light would appear stationary. But according to Maxwell's theory, light cannot be stationary. Einstein solved this problem through his special theory of relativity. Greene continues with his explanations of the special theory of relativity.Chapter 3: Of Warps and Ripples Green begins the chapter by describing "Newton's View of Gravity" and continues by discussing the incompatibility of Newtonian Gravity and Special Relativity. The author also talks about how Einstein discovered the link between acceleration and the warping of space and time. Greene also discuses the basic aspects of General Relativity. He later points out how the two theories of relativity effect black holes, the big bang, and the expansion of space.Chapter 4: Microscopic Weirdness This chapter describes, in detail, the workings of quantum mechanics. The author tells of how waves are effected by quantum mechanic. He also discusses the fact that electromagnetic radiation, or photons, are actually particles and waves. He continues to discuss how matter particles are also matter, but because of their h bar, is so small, the effects are not seen. Green concludes the quantum mechanics discussion by talking about the uncertainty principle.Chapter 5: The need for a New Theory: General Relativity vs. Quantum Mechanics This chapter compares the theory of general relativity and quantum mechanics. It shows that relativity mainly concerns that microscopic world, while quantum mechanics deals with the microscopic world.

Bitterness in Faulkners A Rose For Emily :: A Rose For Emily, William Faulkner

Essay a rose for Emily In William Faulkner's short story "A Rose for Emily," Emily's lack of social skills, exclusiveness and bitterness display Emily's refusal to adapt to the present. In the short story "A Rose for Emily", Emily displays her lack of social skills when the other ladies in the story try to call for her and she refuses to see them. Emily was not very social with the other towns? people. When the town gets the mail system for free, Emily refuses to let the towns? people put a mail box or postal number letters outside of her home. Emily was very unsocial. Emily never left the house much, she would have everything she needed brought to the house for her. She portrays her refusal to adapt to the present by not keeping up with the new mailing system and by refusing to pay taxes. She wanted to keep everything how it was when her father was alive. Emily was not willing to accept the new changes in her life, she wanted to live in the past where she was comfortable. Emily is very excluded from the rest of the town. Emily hardly ever came out of her house and refused to let anyone in on her life. Emily displays her refusal to adapt to the present by not wanting to let anyone in when her father passed on because she believed that he was still alive. Emily was very close to her father and when he passed on it was hard for her to adapt to the present. Emily never left the house much that her father left her, and when she did she did not talk to anyone at all. Emily was very private with her life, she made sure that no one knew anything about her life. Emily portrays her refusal to adapt to the present by keeping herself very excluded from the present time. The people that lived in the town with her would have to ask her servant questions just to receive any information about her life at all. Emily did not even let the servant into her personal life, she kept all her thoughts and feelings very private from the rest of the world. After Emily?s father passed away, Emily became very bitter with the world. She refused to pay taxes to the town because her father had given a lot of money to the town.

Telecommunications Test :: essays research papers

TEL109 Quiz #1 Spring 2005 Instructions: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This quiz is regarded as â€Å"open notes† only. This means you may use any notes you have taken in class, or any handouts that were give to you in class but not your textbook. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Each question carries equal weight (20pts each). 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Partial credit will be given where warranted, but you must write out some response for each question. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The grade for this quiz will be averaged together with the grade for quiz #2 and this average will represent 1/3 of your term grade. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Record all of your answers on these sheets. If you need additional pages, be sure that your name is on each one. Questions: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What are the provisions of the Kingsbury Commitment? What was the major impact on the Public Telephone Network? The provisions of the Kingsbury Commitment were as follows: †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  AT&T would not buy any more Independent companies or service providers without the Justice Departments approval. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  AT&T would allow Independent companies to connect to the AT&T network so that homes only needed one phone and one phone company to provide service. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  AT&T would allow any company to interconnect with other independents and AT&T to complete calls anywhere in America. AT&T also declared that they would sell all its interest in Western Union. The major impact on the public telephone network was as follows:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The public telephone network was now all open to any company and this in turn made it open to any home with a telephone and telephone service to call anywhere in the US. Also this commitment helped to stop AT&T from completely buying out all the smaller telephone companies and monopolizing the entire telephone service provider market. This commitment made it possible for smaller phone companies to survive in this market. Lastly it also helped to prevent AT&T from having to deal with the consequences of the Department of Justice using the Sherman Antitrust Act to bring charges against them. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What agencies are responsible for communications policy on the national and the local levels? The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is responsible for all federal communications regulation of policy and the Public Utilities Commission (PUC) is responsible for regulating telecommunications within the state. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Explain what is meant by: (a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Simplex Transmission Simplex Transmission is transmission of signals in one direction only, such as in radio and television there is no way to send a signal back it is strictly one way. (b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Half-duplex Transmission Half-duplex Transmission is a when signals can go in both directions (to and from) they take turns such as with a CB radio, each side takes a turn sending and receiving over the same medium.

Patriot Act

Part I Summarize the U. S. Patriot Act. The U. S. Patriot Act was developed to expand the intelligence gathering powers and increase responsibilities at all levels of law enforcement in response to the September 11 terrorist attacks. It became apparent that law enforcement at the Federal, state, and local levels needed to work more closely. Much of the local governments were not equipped with adequate resources or the necessary training to assist in preventing terrorist attacks and responding to them.Congress recognized these weaknesses at the local levels, as well as the lack of a coherent flow of information between Federal agencies, the flow of information from Federal agencies to state governments, and the subsequent flow of information to local level governments. Within only weeks of September 11, the U. S. Patriot Act was passed with an unprecedented bipartisan support. (Doyle, 2002) The USA Patriot Act serves as an acronym for it â€Å"Uniting and of Strengthening of America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism† and is organized into ten titles.Title I enhances domestic security against terrorism and presidential authority. Title II enhances surveillance procedures. Title III incorporates the International Money Laundering Abatement and Anti-Terrorist Financing Act of 2001. Title IV addresses protecting the border. Title V removes obstacles to investigating terrorism. Title VI addresses providing for victims of terrorism, public safety officers, and their families. Title VII increases information sharing for critical infrastructure protection. Title VIII strengthens the criminal laws against terrorism.Title IX improves intelligence, and Title X is reserved for miscellaneous regulations. (Horowitz, 2002) The Department of Justice claims that the Patriot Act has played a crucial role in many of the successful operations to prevent terrorist attacks on domestic soil. By taking the legal principles that were alre ady in existence, Congress reorganized them in such a way that would improve counterterrorism efforts overall. Using tools that were previously available in organized crime and drugs trafficking investigations, the Act permits law enforcement to conduct electronic surveillance against more crimes of terror.Through enhanced electronic surveillance capabilities, Federal agents are able to better track highly sophisticated terrorists and conduct investigations without alerting terrorists to the operation. Federal agents are now able to seek court orders to obtain business records relevant to the National Security terrorism cases. (Department of Justice) These are some of the more controversial provisions contained within the Patriot Act, and as such these provisions require renewals and congressional oversight.The Patriot Act slashed many of the legal barriers that previously prevented Federal, state, and local entities from sharing information and coordinating efforts in the preventio n and identification of terrorist plots. Without the ability to coordinate and share information amongst all government agencies, there is a much greater chance that critical intelligence could be overlooked. Allowing for enhanced sharing and cooperation greatly increases the likelihood that government agencies can ‘connect the dots’ and have a clear and full understanding of terrorist plots and disseminate these plots prior to an attack.The Regional Information Sharing System (RISS) is a nationwide police investigative network that can now be used in law information sharing as it relates to terrorist activities as a result of the Act. Border patrols were increased as well as monitoring of foreigners within the United States. There are a number of provisions included to prevent alien terrorists from entering the United States, and to enable authorities to detain and that support alien terrorists and those who support them, and to provide humanitarian immigration relief for foreign victims of the as September 11 attacks. White, 2004) Federal law enforcement can now also communicate with banking regulators in relation to terrorist financing and money laundering, and the Act further provides for arrest powers outside of American borders for these activities. The authority of the secretary of the treasury was expanded to regulate the activities of domestic financial institutions and their international relations. (Doyle, 2002) A multitude of new money laundering crimes and amendments increasing penalties to earlier crimes now exist. Reporting requirements of suspicious transactions by securities and brokers have been strengthened.The act created two types of forfeitures and modifies several confiscation procedures, where all of the property of an individual or entity that participates or plans an act of domestic or international terrorism can be seized. (Department of Justice) Until the act was put into place, laws were not reflective of current techn ologies and threats. The search warrant process became far more streamlined, allowing Law enforcement officials to obtain search warrants in any jurisdiction in which a terrorist associated activity took place, irrespective of where the warrant is executed.Another major update to the laws included considering computer hackers the same as a physical trespasser, which permits victims of computer hacking to seek assistance from law enforcement officials. (Department of Justice) The Patriot Act significantly increased the punishment that would result for those who commit or aid in terrorist crimes. The harboring of terrorists became prohibited; crimes that are likely to be committed by terrorists have increased penalties, conspiracy penalties have been enhanced, and punishment against terrorist attacks on mass transit systems and bioterrorists.The act also eliminates the statutes of limitations for various terrorist crimes and lengthens them for other terrorist crimes. (Department of Ju stice) The penalties for counterfeiting, cyber-crime, and charity fraud were also increased. The warrants for information in terrorist cases have also been increased. (White, 2004) Although there has been overwhelming support for the Patriot Act, some opposition exists. Those who are in support feel that the ability to respond to terrorism will be strengthened through the creation of an all-encompassing intelligence community.Those who are in opposition believe that the law is too intrusive and attacks civil liberties, specifically with regard to the sharing of non-criminal intelligence during criminal investigations. Opponents also express discontent in increasing government power to monitor its own citizens. Some opponents have gone so far is to say that portions of the patriot act are unconstitutional. Other areas of concern as they relate to the patriot act include whether Federal response should be centralized or localized. (White, 2004) These initial controversies continue to exist, and arguably will continue to exist for many decades to come.NPR News examined some of the most controversial provisions during the 2006 renewals of provisions due to expire. These provisions included areas of information sharing, roving wiretaps, access to records, foreign intelligence wire taps in searches, sneak and peek warrants, and material support. (Abramson, 2006) References Abramson, L. (2006, Feb 14). The patriot act: key controversies. Retrieved from http://www. npr. org/news/specials. patriotact. patriotactprovisions. html A master plan for homeland security. (2002, Jul 17). New York Times. Retrieved from http://ezproxy. bellevue. edu:80/login? url=http://search. proquest. om/docview/432132148? accountid=28125 Cienski, J. (2002, Jul 17). U. S. to adopt terrorists’ strategies: Homeland security: ‘red teams’ to search for weaknesses in country’s defence. National Post. Retrieved from http://ezproxy. bellevue. edu:80/login? url=http://searc h. proquest. com/docview/330007852? accountid=28125 Department of Justice. Highlights of the USA patriot act. Retrieved from http://www. justice. gov/archive/ll/highlights. htm Doyle, C. (2002, Apr 18). The USA patriot act: a sketch. Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress. Retrieved from http://www. fas. org/irp/crs/RS21203. pdf Hall, M. (2002, Jul 17).Homeland security strategy lays out ‘lines of authority’ ; officials say plan will cost billions. USA TODAY. Retrieved from http://ezproxy. bellevue. edu:80/login? url=http://search. proquest. com/docview/4 08892001? accountid=28125 Horowitz, R. Summary of key sections of the USA patriot act of 2001. Retrieved from http://www. rhesq. com/Terrorism/Patriot_Act_Summary. pdf Office of Homeland Security. (2002, Jul). National strategy for homeland security. Retrieved from http://www. ncs. gov/library/policy_docs/nat_strat_hls. pdf White, J. (2004). Defending the homeland: domestic intelligence, law enforcement, a nd security. CA: Wadsworth

Level 2 Paediatric Emergency First Aid

CU1514 Paediatric Emergency First Aid 20 pages 1. 1 Identify the responsibilities of a paediatric first aider. I should aim to preserve life, prevent the condition worsening, and promote recovery. Responsibility Description -Remain calm at all timesAppear confident and reassuring -Conduct a scene surveyAssess the situation without Endangering my own life. -Conduct a primary surveyIdentify and assess the extent of the Illness, injury or condition of the casualty. Attend to the needs of otherEnsure their safety and manage children or bystandersbehaviour. -Send for medical helpAmbulance, police or emergency rescue services (as a first aider, I should always stay with the casualty and send someone else to call for help if possible) -Give immediate, appropriate treatmentto preserve life, prevent the condition worsening and promote recovery -Take appropriate precautions to minimise infection Protect yourself and casualty by using appropriate techniques and equipment Arrange for further, qu alified medical attention Transporting the casualty to hospital or arranging for medical examination. -Reporting and recordingVerbal and written records, completing accident and incident reports -Maintaining first aid equipment, including first aid kits Ensure equipment is up-to-date and first aid kits are well stocked -Keeping up-to-date with first aid procedures Take part in regular updating and training 1. 2 Describe how to minimise the risk of infection to self and others.I should do the following to minimise the risk of infection to self and others:- * I should always wash my hands before and after giving first aid treatment * I should always wear disposable gloves for dealing with any first aid situations involving blood or other body fluids (e. g. vomit) * Cover the casualty’s open wounds with appropriate sterile dressings * Make sure my own cuts or sores are adequately covered by plasters * Use appropriate protective equipment where my own safety may be put at risk, e . g. face shields * Dispose of any soiled dressings (e. g. lood soaked), or other first aid materials, in appropriate clinical waste disposal bags. 1. 3 Describe suitable first aid equipment, including personal protections, and how it is used appropriately. First aid equipment usually consists of collection of supplies for administering first aid, minimising the risk of infection and personal protective equipment (PPE). A first aid kit must be easily identifiable and clearly labelled, usually with a white cross on a green background. It is important that first aid equipment is easily accessible and not locked away, it should be clearly signed.The first aid box should be checked regularly to make sure that nothing is damaged and nothing is missing. The contents of a first aid kit may vary slightly depending on the policies and procedures of the setting. Some settings do not use plasters or cleansing wipes because of allergy risks for children. General first and kits should never cont ain medicines of any kind, even basic painkillers. First aiders are not qualified to give medicines to children as they do not know the medical history or any allergies the child may have. A standard first aid kit will usually contain the following: * Sterile dressings of different sizes (e. . sterile gauze pads, eye pads) * Bandages of different types and sizes (e. g. triangular, roller, finger bandages) * Adhesive tape (non-allergenic) * Disposable gloves * Scissors * Tweezers * Safety pins * Disposable face shields * Disposable thermometers 1. 4 Identify what information needs to be included in an accident report/incident record, and how to record it. It is important that all settings complete a specific from to accidents and incidents, these forms are completed for this purpose. * It is a legal requirement * It provides a record in the event of complications (e. . following a head injury). * It informs parents and carers. * It can help to monitor potential hazards in the setting . * It may be required as evidence in suspected cases of abuse of non-accidental injuries. Information should always be recorded clearly and accurately and should be signed and dated by the first aider. Some accident report forms use body diagrams to help in the descriptions of specific injuries, for example, showing exactly where bruising appeared or the particular area where a child feels pain. The main information recorded should include:- Details of the injured or sick child (name, date of birth, main contact details) – Details of the accident or incident (date, time, where it happened) – Details of action of treatment given (what happened, extent of any injuries, treatment given) – Advice of further treatment recommended (e. g. hospital treatment) – Information parents and carers (when and how parents have been contacted) – Signature of the first aider, the date and time. – Information should be written in black pen. 1. 5 Define an infa nt and child for the purposes of first aid treatment.An infant is usually defined as under the age of one year and child from one year to approximately 12 years old. However, some first aid treatment will vary depending on size and weight of casualty and techniques should always be adapted accordingly. 2. 1 Demonstrate how to conduct a scene survey A scene survey involves your initial assessment of the emergency situation and deciding on the priorities of your action. Use your senses to assess what might have happened: * Look for clues (e. g. an empty medicine bottle beside an unconscious child). * Listen to information form others (e. g. ther children telling you what happened). * Smell anything unusual (e. g. gas or other fumes) When conducting a scene survey, you must consider: * Whether I or the casualty are in any danger (e. g. if the building is on fire) * If the casualty has any lie-threatening conditions (e. g. not breathing) * If any bystanders can help you (e. g. other chi ldren or colleagues) * Whether you need to call for further assistance (e. g. ambulance, police or rescue services). Conducting a scene survey helps the first aider to assess the seriousness of the situation and decide on the priorities for action.It also assist in deciding what further help, if any, is required, If there is more than one casualty, then the first aider needs to prioritise treatment, deal with the most serous first and remember that the quietest casualty often needs the most help. In calling for help, the first aider must decide what help is required and how to send for help, some situations may involve sending for emergency services such as ambulance, police or fire and rescue. Other situations may need the assistance of another adult, a colleague, manager or supervisor. 2. 2 Demonstrate how to conduct a primary survey on an infant and child.Once I have conducted a scene survey and decided on your priorities, then a primary survey will provide a more detailed assess ment of the casualty. To do this you must consider DRABC. * DANGER -If you have not already done so, make sure the casualty is safe. * RESPONSE – Ask the casualty ‘Can you hear me? ’ or ‘what happened? ’ If they respond, then you know that they are conscious and breathing and I should remain calm, reassure the casualty and continue with my examination If there is no response, then I should send for help and proceed as follows: * AIRWAY – Open the airway by gently tilting the head back and lifting the chin.This will prevent the casualty’s tongue from blocking their airway. * BREATHING – Look to see if the chest is rising and falling, listen for breathing sounds and place your cheek close to the casualty’s nose and mouth to feel for breath. If the casualty is breathing normally, place them in the recovery position, unless you suspect a spinal injury and continue with your examination. If the casualty is not breathing, then g ive five rescue breaths and prepare to begin CPR * CIRCULATION – Check the casualty’s pulse by feeling the major artery in the neck, (carotid artery) just below the jaw line. . 3 Identify when and how to call for help. The trained first aider should always stay with the casualty and send someone else to call to help. This allows for first aider to monitor the condition of the casualty and perform any treatment if required, for example carrying out CPR if the casualty stops breathing. Never leave an infant or child casualty unattended. If any of the emergency services are required, this should be done by telephoning, 999.It is essential o communicate the following information accurately * Which emergency service is required ( ambulance, police and/or fire and rescue service) * A contact telephone number (usually the number the call is made from) * The exact location of the incident(Local landmarks provide a useful guide) * The type and seriousness of the incident (e. g. road traffic accident, school bus collided with two other vehicles, blocking a major road junction) * The number and approximate age of casualties involved (e. g. five children and one adult injured, two children in a serious condition).Once you have dealt with the priorities, you should now conduct a more detailed examination of the casualty. This will include any information from the casualty and the signs and symptoms. If the child is old enough, ask them what happened, how they fell and where they hurt. Other children or bystanders may also be able to give you information too. You should always deal with life-threatening signs and symptoms first. For example, obvious and severe bleeding. A general examination should begin at the casualty’s head and work down the body. Remember to move the casualty’s head and work down the body.Remember to move the casualty as little as possible and use your senses to look, feel, listen and smell. Use both hands to compare any diff erences between the two sides of the body. Reassure infants and young children with soothing words and a gentle touch. Signs to look for on examination of casualty Area to examinewhat to look for HEADAny bleeding, bruising or swelling (could indicator a fractured skull) FACEColour of the skin, e. g. pale, blueness (could indicate shock) EYESUnequal pupil size, blood shot eyes MOUTHAny bleeding, vomit, blueness of the lips (could indicate poisoning) flushed, sweating, clammy.EARS AND NOSEAny bleeding (could indicate a fractured skull) WHOLE BODY, NECK, ARMS AND LEGS. Any bleeding, swelling, bruising or deformity (could indicate a fracture) 3. 1 Demonstrate how to place an infant and a child into the appropriate recovery position. The recovery position is very important in first aid. It places the casualty in a stable position and ensures that an open airway is maintained. The main advantages of the recovery position are: * It prevents the tongue from falling back into the throat and blocking the airway and so maintains an open airway. Vomit or other fluid can drain easily from the casualty’s mouth, preventing choking. * It keeps the casualty in a safe and comfortable position. Recovery position for infants and children. For an infant less than a year old, a modified recovery position must be adopted: * Cradle the infant in you arms, with their head tilted downwards to prevent chocking on the tongue or inhaling vomit. * Monitor the infant’s breathing and pulse continuously. For a child over the age of one year, follow these instructions: * Turn the child onto their side. Lift the chin forward into the open airway position and adjust the child’s hand under the cheek as necessary * Check that the child cannot roll forwards or backwards * Monitor the child’s breathing and pulse continuously. If you suspect spinal injury, use the jaw thrust technique. Place your hands on either side of the child’s face. With your fingertips gently lift the jaw to open the airway and take care not to tilt the casualty’s neck. 3. 2 Describe how to continually assess and monitor an infant and a child whilst in your care. If an infant or child is unresponsive but breathing normally.It is essential to assess and monitor their condition while I wait for the ambulance to arrive What to check How to assess and what to note AirwayMake sure nothing is blocking the airway or obstructing breathing (e. g. vomit) BreathingNote the rate and depth of breathing and any changes (if the casualty stops breathing, be prepared to start CPR). Circulation Check the pulse at the neck (carotid pulse). Note the rate and strength of the pulse and any changes. ResponsivenessKeep talking and asking questions, gentle shaking or pinching the skin to see if there is any response.Note any changes. Changes in general condition Check the colour of skin and lips. Note any blueness or other changes. Check for the presence of any bleeding or complaints of p ain from the casualty. 4. 1 Identify when to administer CPR to a responsive infant and an unresponsive child who is not breathing normally. As a trained first aider, CPR should always be carried out if a casualty is unresponsive, is not breathing and has no pulse. The procedure should be followed even if you have doubts about its success and you should always carry on until help arrives.If possible, send someone else to call for an ambulance immediately, but if you are on your own, carry out CPR for one minute before calling. If there is any evidence of blood or other fluid around the child’s mouth, then a disposable face shield should be used. 4. 2 Demonstrate how to administer CPR using an infant and child manikin. CPR Procedure for infants and children. CPR for infants (less than I year old) 1. Give five rescue breaths: * Tilt the head back and lift the chin to open the airway * Seal your lips around the baby’s mouth and nose * Blow gently into the lungs, looking al ong the chest as you breathe.Fill your cheeks with air and use this amount each time. * As the chest rises, stop blowing and allow it to fall. Repeat four more times. 2. Give 30 chest compressions: * Place the baby on a firm surface. * Locate a position in the centre of the chest. * Using two fingers, press down sharply to a third of the depth of chest. * Press 30 times, at a rate of 100 compressions per minute * After 30 compressions, give two rescue breaths. 3. Continue to resuscitate at 30 compressions to two breaths until help arrives. CPR FOR CHILDREN (1-12 years old) 1. Give five rescue breaths: Tilt the head back and lift the chin to open the airway. * Seal our lips around the child’s mouth and pinch the nose. * Blow gently and watch the chest as you breathe. Make sure your breathing is shallow and do not empty your lungs completely. * As the chest rises, stop blowing and allow it to fall. * Repeat four more times, then check the child’s carotid pulse. 2. Give 3 0 chest compressions: * Place one or two hands in the centre of the chest (depending on the size of the child). * Use the heel of the hand with arms straight and press down to a third of the depth of chest. Press 30 times, at a rate of 100 compressions per minute. * After 30 compressions, give tow rescue breaths. 3. Continue to resuscitate at 30 compressions to two rescue breaths until help arrives or the child recovers. 4. 3 Describe how to deal with an infant and a child who is experiencing a seizure A seizure (also known as a convulsion or fit) consists of involuntary contractions of muscles in body. The condition is due to a disturbance in the electrical activity of the brain and seizures usually result in loss of impairment of consciousness, the most common causes are epilepsy or head injuries.General signs of a seizure are: * Sudden unconsciousness * Rigidity and arching of the back * Convulsive, jerky movements In dealing with seizures, first aid treatment must always include maintaining an open airway and monitoring the infant or child’s vital signs (their level of response, pulse and breathing). You will also need to protect the infant or child from further harm during a seizure and arrange appropriate aftercare once they have recovered. First aid treatment for a seizure includes: * If you see the child falling, try to ease the fall. If possible, protect the infant or child’s head by placing soft padding underneath it. * Make space around them and if necessary, make sure other children move away. * Remove dangerous items, such as hot drinks or sharp objects. * Note the time when the seizure started. * Loosen clothing around the infant or child’s neck. When the seizure has finished: * Open the airway and check the infant or child’s breathing Be prepared to give CPR if necessary * Place the infant or child into the recovery position they are unconscious but breathing normally. Monitor and record vital signs) level of response , pulse and breathing). * Make a note of how long the seizure lasted Do not move the infant or child unless they are in immediate danger Do not put anything in their mouth or use force to restrain them. If any of the following apply, dial 999 for an ambulance: * The infant or child is unconscious for more than 10 min * The seizure continues for more then 5 minutes * The infant or child is having repeated seizures or having a seizure for the first time. 5. 1 Differentiate between a mild and a severe airway obstruction. INFANT Mild ObstructionCheck the infant’s mouth remove any obvious obstructions. Do not sweep your finger around in the mouth (this could push any obstruction further down the airway). Severe obstruction Lay the infant face down along you forearm, with head low, support the back and head If the obstruction is still present, turn the infant onto their back and give up to five chest thrusts. (Using two fingers push inwards and upwards towards the head against the infant’s breastbone, one finger’s breadth below the nipple line). If the obstruction odes not clear after three cycles, dial 999 for an ambulance.Continue until help arrives. CHILD Mild obstruction Encourage them to continue coughing Remove any obvious obstruction from the mouth. Severe obstruction Give up to five back blows with the heel of your hand. Check the mouth and remove any obvious obstruction. If the obstruction is still present, give up to five abdominal thrusts. Continue as for an infant. If I can not remove the obstruction dial 999 5. 2 Demonstrate how to treat an infant and a child who is choking. See answer 5. 1 5. 3 Describe the procedure to be followed after administering the treatment for choking.See answer 5. 1 6. 1 Describe the common types of wounds. These are several types of wounds that can result in bleeding: * Incised: a clean cut, for example from a knife * Lacerated: a jagged cut, for example from barbed wire * Puncture: a penetrating wound, for example from a nail * Graze: a surface wound, for example from a sliding fall * Contused: a bruise, with bleeding under the skin. 6. 2 Describe the types and severity of bleeding and the affect that it has on an infant and a child Please see attached chart. 6. Demonstrate the safe and effective management for the control of minor and major external bleeding. Any open wound is a risk of becoming infected. It is very important to maintain good hygiene procedures to prevent infection between yourself and the injured infant or child. I should always wear disposable gloves and make sure that any cuts on your own hands are covered The most effective way of minimising blood loss from major bleeding is to apply direct pressure over the wound. If the injury is on an arm or a leg, raising the limb will slow down the blood flow and help to stop the bleeding.Minor bleedingFirst aid treatment * Wash and dry your own hands an put on disposable gloves * Clean the cut, if dirty, under running w ater, and pat dry. * Cover the cut temporarily while you clean the surrounding skin with soap and water, and pat the skin dry * Cover the cut completely with sterile dressing or non-allergenic plaster Major bleedingFirst aid treatment * Wash and dry your own hands and put on disposable gloves * Apply direct pressure to the wound with a pad or sterile dressing. * Raise and support (if the injury is on a limb) * Lay the casualty down to treat for shock Bandage the pad or dressing firmly to control bleeding * If bleeding seeps through the first bandage, cover with a second bandage. 6. 4 Describe how to administer first aid for minor injuries. In most first aid situations with children, injuries are likely to be relatively minor, usually with very little blood loos. A common minor injury involving bleeding with children is nosebleed. This usually occurs when tiny blood vessels inside the nostrils burst, either as result of an injury to the nose, or from sneezing, picking or blowing the nose. The first aid treatment for a nose bleed is a follows: Reassure the child and ask them to sit down. * Advise them to tilt their head forwards * Tell the child to breathe through their mouth and to pinch the soft part of the nose (they may need help to do this). * After 10 minutes, release the pressure from the nose. If the bleeding has not stopped, pinch the nose again for two further periods of 10 minutes. * Once the bleeding has stopped, clean around the nose with lukewarm water. * Tell the child not to blow or pick their nose for a few hours (because this may disturb blood clots that may have formed in the nose).Do not let the child’s head top back as blood may run down the throat and cause choking. If the nosebleed is severe, or if it lasts longer than 30 minutes, the child should be taken to hospital. 7. 1 Describe how to recognise and manage an infant and a child who is suffering from shock. The main signs of shock are: * Pale, cold, clammy skin (lips could become blue in severe shock) * Sweating * Weakness and dizziness * Feeling sick and possibly vomiting * Feeling sick and possibly vomiting * Feeling thirsty * Rapid, shallow breathingThe main first aid treatment for shock is: – Give lots of comfort and reassurance. – Lay the casualty down, raise and support their legs. – Use a coat or blanket to keep them comfortably warm – Do not give them anything to eat or drink – Check breathing and pulse frequently. – If the child becomes unconscious, put them in the recovery position – If breathing stops, follow the DRABC resuscitation sequence. 7. 2 Describe how to recognise and manage an infant and a child who is suffering from anaphylactic shock.Anaphylactic shock is a severe allergic reaction which can be life-threatening. It is usually triggered by a substance, to which the casualty is highly sensitive, for example, drugs such as penicillin, insect stings or food such as peanuts. The main signs o f anaphylactic shock are: * Difficulty in breathing, wheezing or gasping for air * General signs of shock * Swelling of the tongue and throat * Puffiness around the eyes * Extreme anxiety The main first aid treatment for anaphylactic shock is: * Send for an ambulance Check whether the child has their own medication and help them to use it if trained to do so * Reassure and comfort the child * Treat for shock * If the child becomes unconscious, put them in the recovery position * If breathing stops, follow DRABC resuscitation sequence Children who are known to suffer from anaphylaxis will usually carry their own medication with them at all times. This is usually in the form of an EpiPen or similar device. An EpiPen is easy to use, although special training should be undertaken and you should always check the policies and procedures in my setting.